Business: Marketing and Subway

1. 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide assortment feast and better quality new item, for example, pasta, plate of mixed greens, sweets, soup, the chain's leader sandwich which is the exemplary BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which including seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, new veggies which as of now flaunts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Metro additionally gets a line of new crab-controlled envelops by 2004 and the item itself has just 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, another menu has been added to Subway’s menu that is a scrumptious new toasted sub and the menu still in shopper request as of not long ago. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The likely component of promoting blend is the cost of the organization offered in light of the fact that it is immediate effect on the organization, shopper and economy too. Tram utilizes somewhat higher of upscale valuing than typical subs in the market. Tr am offers distinctive evaluating system with esteem estimating. In any case, make esteem items by administration as far as quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is worried about exercises expected to move the item or administration from the vender to the purchaser (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2003). Metro utilize nontraditional places, for example, grocery stores, air terminals, assembly halls and business focus and furthermore another new market improvement as their significant selling area as an establishment. Individuals who in any sort of Subway deals point are available to guarantee customer’s requests are composed with the correct item and to clarify the unmistakable alternatives are realistic. In addition, Subway investigates for their market on the area inclination and ruthless establishments with respect to consumer loyalty. . 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, advertising, individual selling and deals advancements are the four parts of advancement. For Subway, to produce a Unique Adverti sing Proposition (UAP) is required since the organization is a piece of immersed showcase. Tram additionally approach Unique Selling Preposition (USP) into their market methodology by selling subs under 6g of fat. By make a selling recommendation that associated with the publicizing message with the item, it will induce a favorable position in rivalry. Also, it is the objective to make a one-of-the-sort publicizing . 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide assortment dinner and better quality new item, for example, pasta, plate of mixed greens, pastries, soup, the chain's lead sandwich which is the great BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which including seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, new veggies which as of now flaunts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Metro likewise acquires a line of new crab-controlled encloses by 2004 and the item itself has just 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, another menu has been added to Subway’s menu that is a heavenly new toasted sub and the menu still in customer request up to this point. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The expected component of showcasing blend is the cost of the organization offered in light of the fact that it is immediate effect on the organization, customer and economy too. Tram utilizes somewhat higher of upscale estimating than typical subs in the market. Metro offers distinctive evaluating system with esteem estimating. In any case, make esteem items by administration as far as quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is worried about exercises expected to move the item or administration from the merchant to the purchaser (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2003). Metro utilize nontraditional places, for example, stores, air terminals, conference halls and business focus and furthermore another new market advancement as their significant selling area as an establishment. Individuals who in any sort of Subway deals point are close by to guarantee cu stomer’s requests are facilitated with the correct item and to explain the unmistakable choices are realistic. Additionally, Subway explores for their market on the area inclination nd savage establishments with respect to consumer loyalty. 1. 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, advertising, individual selling and deals advancements are the four parts of advancement. For Subway, to produce a Unique Advertising Proposition (UAP) is mandatory since the organization is a piece of immersed showcase. Tram likewise approach Unique Selling Preposition (USP) into their market procedure by selling subs under 6g of fat. By make a selling suggestion that associated with the publicizing message with the item, it will cause a preferred position in competition.Moreover, it is the objective to make a one-of-the-sort promoting 1. 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide assortment dinner and better quality new item, for example, pasta, serving of mixed greens, sweets, soup, the chain's leader sandwich which is the great BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which highlighting seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, new veggies which as of now flaunts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Metro likewise gets a line of new crab-controlled envelops by 2004 and the item itself has just 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, another menu has been added to Subway’s menu that is a heavenly new toasted sub and the menu still in shopper request up to this point. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The possible component of showcasing blend is the cost of the organization offered in light of the fact that it is immediate effect on the organization, customer and economy also. Metro utilizes somewhat higher of upscale valuing than ordinary subs in the market. Metro offers diverse evaluating system with esteem estimating. Be that as it may, make esteem items by administration regarding quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is worried about exer cises expected to move the item or administration from the merchant to the purchaser (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2003). Metro utilize nontraditional places, for example, general stores, air terminals, assembly halls and business focus and furthermore another new market improvement as their significant selling area as an establishment. Individuals who in any sort of Subway deals point are close by to guarantee customer’s requests are composed with the correct item and to clarify the particular alternatives are realistic. Also, Subway explores for their market on the area inclination and ruthless establishments in regards to consumer loyalty. . 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, advertising, individual selling and deals advancements are the four segments of advancement. For Subway, to produce a Unique Advertising Proposition (UAP) is required since the organization is a piece of soaked market. Metro additionally approach Unique Selling Preposition (USP) into their market procedure by sel ling subs under 6g of fat. By make a selling recommendation that associated with the promoting message with the item, it will cause a favorable position in rivalry. Also, it is the objective to make a one-of-the-sort publicizing

Financial Market Introduction to Modern Economic Growth

Question: Talk about the Financial Market for Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. Answer: Financial approach is characterized as a procedure where the gracefully of cash, its accessibility, pace of premium and estimation of cash are constrained by the fiscal power or national bank or government. This procedure for the most part incorporates focusing on an intrigue or swelling rate with the goal that the value security and trust in cash can be guaranteed, consequently driving towards the strength and development of economy. There are abundant manners by which the fiscal strategy can be subdued and overseen. Financial strategy can be kept up by exchanging government securities, government protections like treasury bills and so on (Open market activities), adjusting loan costs and modifying the measure of cash which banks are required to keep in their vault that is Bank Reserves. All these contains the chance of extending the flexibly of cash and whenever modified, getting the gracefully of cash. The way wherein the financial strategy can be kept up or organized is by taking a gander at the overarching condition in the general economy. It is either contractionary or expansionary on the grounds that a contractionary fiscal strategy can be embraced to slow or diminish the development rate in cash flexibly in order to control swelling or an expansionary strategy can be received to expand the gracefully of cash in the economy to bring down joblessness, animate monetary development and so forth (Corsetti Pesenti, 2005). Inside this differentiated lion's share of populace framework, specific foundations like the European Central Bank, Peoples Bank of China, Reserve Bank of Japan and so on exists and these are utilized with an assignment of executing financial arrangement in the economy which is frequently autonomous of the legal or political framework. Essentially, these particular establishments are alluded as Central Bank and they likewise have other significant obligations, for example, regulating the viable and appropriate working of the worldwide money related framework. To put it plainly, financial approach helps in molding the monetary character of a nation by redressing the monetary ills like swelling or flattening (Acemoglu, 2011). It is viewed as an extremely critical device that helps in acquiring the macroeconomic objectives of an economy. Without the apparatuses it is hard to carry on the undertaking easily and adaptability. In addition, to guarantee a more full advancement it is basically required that the devices must be utilized in an appropriate way. Financial approach is the arranging of a fiscal authority of a nation which encourages a nation to oversee and keep up gracefully of cash inside the nation. Flexibly of cash is the basic prerequisite since it keeps the energy in progress and causes a nation to profit countless open doors regarding development and profitability. The financial approach additionally manages the swelling rate and loan fee which assists with keeping up value solidness (Australian Government, 2013). The national bank of Singapore is named as MAS or The Monetary Authority of Singapore which plays out the entirety of the capacities related with national bank. MDD or The Monetary and Domestic Markets Management Department of Singapore are in control for the usage of financial arrangement. The MAS is essentially named as the national bank of Singapore and it passes on an enhanced degree of elements of national bank. MDD or The Monetary and Domestic Markets Management Department is responsible for the usage of financial strategy in Singapore that contains dealing with the liquidity of banking framework by liquidity offices and tasks of currency advertise and the pace of trade by meddling in the outside trade markets. The money related strategy of Singapore essentially targets accomplishing value strength to support monetary development. With expanding capital streams and globalization, assurance of the most fitting money related strategy in a little economy like Singapore is exceptionally troublesome. It is a test for the policymakers to assess different exchange offs among the strategy goals, decide the most significant financial turns of events, recognize the key imperatives and measure the degree of straightforwardness related with money related arrangement. Corresponding to this specific situation, Singapore has set up an uncommon structure of fiscal arrangement that is centered around the conversion scale and intends to support monetary development. The primary target of MAS since 19 81 is to deal with the Singapore dollar (SGD) against the undisclosed bushel of money. This implies the SGDs esteem is to be obligatorily estimated against a particular thing as opposed to utilizing a singular money as is finished by Hong Kong (Junankar, 2013). The instrument which is utilized as the premise of Singapores money related approach is the conversion standard rather than loan cost utilized by different nations. The Monetary Authority of Singapore is liable for the SGD conversion scale against its the monetary forms of the significant partners and contenders. The Singapore exchange container is evaluated every once in a while with the goal that the progressions announced can be represented and the exchange example can be followed for which the money related arrangements are to be confined (Devereux Engel, 2011). There is an undisclosed objective band for this exchange weighted conversion scale, which increments and diminishes with the other market factors. Presently this rate is permitted to change remembering the expansion rates all around the universes and furthermore the local value pressures. The Monetary Authority of Singapore makes a move by including itself in the trade market of outside nations in the event that there are overwhelming changes in the Singapore dollar swapping scale. Overwhelming change should be overseen in the blink of an eye in any case there may be an enormous unpredictability and make the nation defenseless against dangers. A bin of cash of the significant exchanging accomplices is utilized by the MAS and is exchange weighted such a way in this way, that the cash of huge exchanging accomplices accumulates an expanded weight and along these lines makes for a superior and essential piece of record (Devereux Engel, 2011). The creation of this crate is updated and audited intermittently so the varieties in Singapores exchange examples can be considered without unveiling data on the limits and record of target or strategy band. At whatever point required, MAS meddles in the remote trade showcase so as to support an exchange weighted swapping scale of SGD, ordinarily called as (S$NEER) Singapore Dollar Nominal Effective Exchange Rate, inside its arrangement band. Different nations get either a fixed or a skimming pace of trade yet the approach of Singapore is a blended character of both. SGD is allowed to drift openly and assessment of the quality of the money is finished by MAS based on Nominal Effective Exc hange Rate. MAS assess the developments in NEER on an everyday premise to guarantee that it moves in an effective way inside its strategy band. The MAS focuses for the most part on three qualities of this band will be band width, slant of the band and the level, the band is focused (Mankiw Taylor, 2015). At whatever point the NEER comes at the edge of strategy band on any side, MAS meddles in the remote trade showcases by utilizing forward or spot exchanges. It can likewise meddle preceding coming to of band or can permit NEER to break the band before its mediation. This obstruction should likewise be possible by purchasing the dollars of Singapore against the dollars of US so as to stem the devaluation of Singapore dollar or by selling a Singapore dollar against the US dollar so as to subside the financial approach in Singapore is surveyed on a half yearly premise so as to guarantee that the strategies of the nation are in consistence with the economic situations and the monetary s ituation. This causes the administration to keep up a low expansion rate for maintainable monetary development of the nation (Junankar, 2013). A Monetary Policy Statement (MPS) is distributed by MAS on a semi yearly premise in each April and October. This announcement clarifies about the countrys money related, financial and inflationary conditions and sets out the legislatures measures and controls for the up and coming a half year. The monograph by Monetary Authority of Singapore on the countrys swapping scale strategy expresses the financial arrangement of Singapore which depends on conversion standard alongside the experience since its securing and updates made thereto. Singapore has an opened approach of capital record. The countrys choice of pace of trade as the grapple of financial approach legitimately suggests that the pace of premium and flexibly of cash inside the nation are in-house energy about Singapore dollar (Junankar, 2013). The MMOs (Money Market Operations) by MAS are directed so as to guarantee appropriate liquidity in the current arrangement of banking to adapt up to the banks necessity for hold and different adjusts. There are mostly three highlights of the money related strategy of Singapore (Dawson, 2006). Right off the bat that the dollar of Singapore or SGD is overseen against a money container, accordingly, lessening the instability factor which would have expanded if the emphasis was put on one cash. Besides, the exchange weighted pace of trade is allowed to sway inside the band as chose by the MAS. What's more, thirdly, correction of the conversion standard approach band, this keeps the nation educated and later with regards to when and where changes in the financial arrangement are required. These highlights together have prevailing to give soundness to the open economy of Singapore. The usage and plan of the Singapores financial arrangement are kept independent so fixation isn't separated a mong them. The MAS ceases itself from interceding in the market and lets powers carry out its responsibility however some of the time it steps in when it sees that swapping scale is acting unstable or not moving in a deliberate manner. Detailing of fiscal strategy is viewed as an inconsequential capacity of MAS to keep up the unburdened choices of money related approach. The Economic Policy Group is responsible for the structure of money related approach of Singapore and it normally evaluates the swapping scale way in

Free Essays on Issues In Platos Republic

Plato’s investigation of reality through The Parable of the Cave is a compelling, substantial device to assist us with breaking down our own life and at last discover reality. He did this by first examining his own life and the chains and bearers who utilized shadows to shield him from arriving at the roadway to insight. It has end up being a viable appraisal when he was alive as well as even up until today. The anecdote represents man’s battle to arrive at comprehension and edification and is a widespread and everlasting idea. Plato utilized the bearers in his illustration to represent individuals who control what we see and do, individuals who keep us away from utilizing our maximum capacity to choose what we need to see with our own eyes. A model from current society would be TV makers or record name officials, at last they choose what tunes we will sing tomorrow and what shows we will watch. They restrain us by permitting just what they need to contact us and infiltrate our psyches and lives. The shackles were what kept the got away from detainee in the anecdote from turning his head and looking for his own reality, too and new things. They shielded him from having the option to control what he saw with his own eyes. The naming of items was another obstruction, since it just caused prejudging and empowered a shut psyche. The shackles, bearers, and naming of articles make it harder to locate our own fact, in spite of the fact that it isn't outlandish. As Plato knew at that point, they exist in everyoneâ €™s lives. People need to go from the noticeable domain of picture making and article naming to the comprehensible, undetectable domain of thinking and comprehension. The Anecdote of the Cave represents this trek and how it would look to those still in a lower domain. The things our faculties see as genuine are simply shadows on a divider. Similarly as the got away from detainee climbs into the light of sun, as we store up information, we rise into the light of genuine reality: thoughts in the psyche. However in the event that somebody goes into the light of sun and embra... Free Essays on Issues In Plato's Republic Free Essays on Issues In Plato's Republic Plato’s examination of reality through The Parable of the Cave is a successful, legitimate instrument to assist us with breaking down our own life and at last discover reality. He did this by first breaking down his own life and the chains and bearers who utilized shadows to shield him from arriving at the roadway to knowledge. It has end up being a compelling appraisal when he was alive as well as even up until today. The illustration represents man’s battle to arrive at comprehension and illumination and is an all inclusive and everlasting idea. Plato utilized the bearers in his story to represent individuals who control what we see and do, individuals who keep us away from utilizing our maximum capacity to choose what we need to see with our own eyes. A model from present day society would be TV makers or record mark administrators, at last they choose what tunes we will sing tomorrow and what shows we will watch. They restrict us by permitting just what they need to contact us and infiltrate our brains and lives. The chains were what kept the got away from detainee in the anecdote from turning his head and looking for his own fact, also and new things. They shielded him from having the option to control what he saw with his own eyes. The naming of articles was another prevention, since it just caused prejudging and energized a shut psyche. The chains, bearers, and naming of articles make it harder to locate our own fact, in spite of the fact that it isn't inconceivable. As Plato knew at that point, they exist in everyoneâ €™s lives. People need to go from the obvious domain of picture making and item naming to the clear, undetectable domain of thinking and comprehension. The Anecdote of the Cave represents this trek and how it would look to those still in a lower domain. The things our faculties see as genuine are simply shadows on a divider. Similarly as the got away from detainee climbs into the light of sun, as we accumulate information, we rise into the light of genuine reality: thoughts in the brain. However on the off chance that somebody goes into the light of sun and embra... Free Essays on Issues In Plato's Republic Plato’s investigation of reality through The Parable of the Cave is a powerful, substantial instrument to assist us with breaking down our own life and eventually discover reality. He did this by first breaking down his own life and the shackles and bearers who utilized shadows to shield him from arriving at the roadway to intelligence. It has end up being a powerful appraisal when he was alive as well as even up until today. The anecdote represents man’s battle to arrive at comprehension and edification and is a widespread and everlasting idea. Plato utilized the bearers in his illustration to represent individuals who control what we see and do, individuals who keep us away from utilizing our maximum capacity to choose what we need to see with our own eyes. A model from present day society would be TV makers or record mark officials, at last they choose what tunes we will sing tomorrow and what shows we will watch. They confine us by permitting just what they need to contact us and infiltrate our psyches and lives. The shackles were what kept the got away from detainee in the anecdote from turning his head and looking for his own reality, too and new things. They shielded him from having the option to control what he saw with his own eyes. The naming of articles was another deterrent, since it just caused prejudging and empowered a shut brain. The chains, bearers, and naming of articles make it harder to locate our own reality, in spite of the fact that it isn't inconceivable. As Plato knew at that point, they exist in eve ryone’s lives. People need to go from the obvious domain of picture making and article naming to the clear, undetectable domain of thinking and comprehension. The Story of the Cave represents this trek and how it would look to those still in a lower domain. The things our faculties see as genuine are simply shadows on a divider. Similarly as the got away from detainee climbs into the light of sun, as we gather information, we rise into the light of genuine reality: thoughts in the brain. However on the off chance that somebody goes into the light of sun and embra...

Reflection Using Gibbs Cycle - Development of Your Academic Learning Essay

Reflection Using Gibbs Cycle - Development of Your Academic Learning Skills and Experience in Practice During third Year - Essay Example All through the meeting, I did different introductions utilizing PowerPoint to horn my visual aptitudes. Moral issues were additionally part of correspondence that I learned. Numeracy was a piece of module seven and the exercises involved assembling and recording information, understanding exploration information, tranquilize computation, and general science. The exercises engaged with creating IT abilities in module seven were word handling, board conversation, looking through Databases, Emailing, and the utilization of the web. Also, all through the model, I created learning aptitudes by taking part in exercises like writing search, utilization of writing and research, summing up data, time the executives, self-assessment, and attempting to cutoff times. The model likewise helped me to know methods of working with others. I currently understand the job of multi-disciplinary group and haggling in groups. Sentiments from the beginning, it couldn't see the essentialness of abilities i n nursing. Nonetheless, in the wake of meeting severally with my own coach, I recognized the significance of aptitudes in supporting my progress into the job of a staff nurture. Assessment Achievement in creating correspondence was apparent through finishing the assessment, yet I bombed my oral test because of uneasiness and frenzy. I additionally didn't do well in test procedures and I will improve by meeting in gatherings to share information and read independently for six hours. In the principal endeavor, I bombed tranquilize computation yet I improved by doing week by week practice. This was accomplished at a 100 percent on my subsequent endeavor. To progress basic reasoning ability, I read more books and went to instructional exercise. I accomplished 54 percent in research and 50 percent in the paper and this was a decent accomplishment in the basic evaluation aptitudes. How the improvement will underpins my progress into the job of nursing (Analysis) Communication The great re lational abilities that I created during the module will help me when moving from an understudy to a staff nurture. The composed correspondence capability will help me in my vocation as an attendant since I should compose clear guidelines for the patient to comprehend. Through the improvement of the relational abilities, I will proficiently convey verbally in formal and casual manner. This will causes me as a staff nurture when making introductions in formal gatherings and in my friend work gatherings. Listening abilities will be a significant quality, which will help me as a medical attendant to help with getting patients to esteem me. This is on the grounds that listening will be a method of indicating my inclinations in what the patients will say. Listening aptitudes is constantly connected with modesty instead of loquacity. It very well may be sympathetic and in this manner helpful (Debnath, 2009, p152). Numeracy abilities will likewise help me in my nursing calling. The medicat ion count aptitudes that I procured in module seven will build my competency. Through that expertise, I won't make portion mistakes. It is fundamental for attendants to have the option to make precise figurings of medication portions and to be completely familiar with the segment of medications in current use. Medical attendants ought to have a comprehension of formulae for complex computations. This empowers them to coordinate the right amount and volume of the medications. Off base medication calculations can cause botches in remedy and damage patients. Medication calculation ability will hence empower me to give right proportions, rates, divisions and have the option to decipher data found in clinical

Naturalism in Miss Julie Essay

†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Naturalism created in France in the nineteenth Century as an outrageous type of authenticity. It was enlivened to some extent by the logical determinism of Charles Darwin, an Englishman, and the financial determinism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the two Germans. Four Frenchmenâ€Hippolyte Taine, Edmond and Jules Goncourt, and Emile Zolaâ€applied the standards of logical and monetary determinism to writing to make artistic naturalism. As indicated by its devotees, abstract naturalism has the accompanying fundamental principles: (1) Heredity and condition are the significant powers that shape individuals. As it were, similar to bring down creatures, people react for the most part to inalienable senses that impact conduct in show withâ€and here and there in restriction toâ€environmental impacts, including monetary, social, social, and familial impacts. Miss Julie, for instance, reacts halfway to her intrinsic female intuition for male friendship and incompletely to her earth instigated contempt of men. Thusly, she the two wants and scorns Jean, causing her profound inside clash. (2) Human creatures have no choice, or almost no of it, since heredity and condition are so incredible in deciding the course of human activity. (3) Human creatures, similar to bring down creatures, have no spirit. Religion and profound quality are insignificant. (Strindberg, a skeptic when he composed Miss Julie, later changed over to Christianity affected by the works of Emanuel Swedenborg. ) (4) An abstract work should introduce life precisely for what it's worth, without preachment, judgment, or adornment. In this regard, naturalism is much the same as authenticity. Be that as it may, naturalism goes farther than authenticity in that it presents an increasingly point by point image of regular day to day existence. Though the pragmatist author excludes irrelevant subtleties when portraying a specific scene, a naturalist essayist for the most part incorporates them. He needs the scene to be as â€Å"natural† as could reasonably be expected. The naturalist author additionally endeavors to be meticulously objective and withdrawn. As opposed to controlling characters as though they were manikins, the naturalist author likes to watch the characters as though they were creatures in the wild and afterward report on their action. At long last, naturalism endeavors to introduce exchange as spoken in regular day to day existence. As opposed to putting â€Å"unnatural† wording in the mouth of a character, the naturalist author endeavors to repeat the discourse examples of individuals in a specific time and spot. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Naturalist scholars for the most part make just constrained progress in sticking to Tenet 4. The fundamental issue is that it is close to inconceivable for an author to stay objective and disconnected, similar to a researcher in a lab. All things considered, a researcher dissects existing characteristic articles and wonders. A naturalist essayist, then again, examines characters he made; they might be founded on genuine individuals, yet they themselves are not genuine. Hence, in carrying these characters to the stage or the printed page, the naturalist author brings a piece of himselfâ€a emotional part. Additionally, in their utilization of artistic devicesâ€such as Strindberg’s utilization of images in Miss Julie to help his themeâ€naturalist essayists again infuse their emotional selves into the play. All things considered, would Miss Julie own a canine that mates with a pug, representing and portending her concise sexual experience with Jean? Would she constrain her life partner to hop over a horsewhip that represents her push to rule him?.

The 5 Major Classes of Antidepressants

The 5 Major Classes of Antidepressants Depression is a growing concern of healthcare in the 21st century and its a second-leading disability in the world, right behind cardiovascular diseases.More and more people are falling prey to this insidious illness and opinions on its causes and treatments differ as we are still unable to treat it with 100% efficiency.Doctors agree that the causes for depression are physiological, psychological and environmental in nature.Psychiatrists usually start treating patients by determining if there are physiological causes for depression.Even when there are no such causes, psychological distress alone can destabilize physiology and antidepressants may come in handy to bring back the homeostatic balance before the psychotherapy enters the scene.However, many doctors are quick to pull the trigger with antidepressants even though some of these medicaments arent to be trifled with.After all Big Pharma earns a significant amount of money from antidepressants and you can imagine how the good doc gets his slice of cake as well.Moreover, many patients with self-diagnosed depression jump straight to treating themselves with happy pills so knowing your drugs may prove to be useful seeing how their popularity grows.CLASSES OF ANTIDEPRESSANTSWe all know that antidepressants help mechanically articulate the dysfunction of our brain-chemistry and neurotransmitters trafficking through the nerve routes to and from the brain.Antidepressants group to form classes depending on the way they affect our central nervous system.Drugs belonging to the same class usually have somewhat similar mechanisms of action or side effects.The difference in the chemical structure of the drugs can decide on how well our body will absorb, tolerate and disseminate the drug.There are 5 major classes of these drugs and a few others that are not that frequently used.Each class has its own advantages, disadvantages and appropriate uses.Provided that your doctor is conscientious and not just mechanically prescr ibing, he/she will closely examine your symptoms, medical history, and coexisting disorders to determine the right kind of a drug for you.The 5 classes they usually choose from are SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and Atypical Antidepressants. Youre enlightened now, huh?Kidding, well get right to what they are, but first of all, an explanation of what they do is in order.HOW DO ANTIDEPRESSANTS WORKYour mood regulation seems to come down to 3 basic molecules that go by the name of monoamines.They primarily function as neurotransmitters which means they literally transmit signals from the nerves to their matching receptors in the central nervous system.Antidepressants usually have a great impact on the function of the mentioned neurotransmitters.Its usually the case with people suffering from depression that the levels of the mentioned neurotransmitters in their brains are low.Antidepressants usually work by increasing the levels of one or several neurotransmitters in different ways.Now, be fore we jump to specific classes of antidepressants, lets see which neurotransmitters are the antidepressants dealing with.Nota bene: If you dont want to get into the boring neurochemical data, you may as well skip the next chapter and jump straight to SSRIs.THE MAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN CHARGE OF MOOD REGULATIONSerotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT is composed of tryptophan (protein chain) and tryptophan hydroxylase (a chemical reactor).It regulates mood (duh), memory, sleep-wake cycles, internal clock, appetite, digestion, sexual desire (or libido as they call it), social behavior and such.An interesting thing about serotonin is that it occurs evenly throughout the body and it doesnt only influence psychological functions in the brain like the release of melatonin and circadian rhythm.It also has an impact on the function of smooth muscles, bowel movements, gastrointestinal tract, etc. Thats why some consider it a hormone and not just neurotransmitter.Nota bene: Serotonin does nt cross the blood-brain barrier so all serotonin used by the brain, must be produced somewhere in the central nervous system as well.Dopamine (DA, a contraction of  3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) influences decision-making, arousal, pleasure-reward signals, and motivation.Dopamine functions both as a neurotransmitter and a hormone and plays important roles in the body and the brain alike.Its synthesized in the brain and kidneys as well as plants and most animals.The brain has several different dopamine pathways. One of its most popular pathways plays a role in reward-motivated behavior.Other dopamine pathways influence motor control and release of various other hormones.Dopamine is popularized as the main chemical of pleasure, but the current pharmacological opinion is that it confers motivational salience rather than pleasure directly.Important things to note about dopamine are that its levels are affected by other mental disorders as well, such as schizophrenia (heightened dopamin e) and ADHD.Same as serotonin, dopamine cant reach the brain from the bloodstream. Except for the blood vessels, dopamine is synthesized locally in all peripheral systems where it exerts effect and near the releasing cells.Its interesting that dopamine inhibits the release of the next important neurotransmitter norepinephrine.Norepinephrine NE also called noradrenalin NA is an organic chemical in the family of catecholamine. It functions in both body and brain as a hormone and a neurotransmitter.It influences alertness, blood pressure, motor functions, heart rate, etc. The name noradrenaline is derived from Latin which means alongside kidneys and that suggests the place where its synthesized.Its general function is to mobilize the organism (brain and body) for action. Its levels are lowest during sleep, they rise when we wake and are at their peak during stress where they impact the fight-or-flight response.Norepinephrine increases arousal, vigilance, alertness, memory retrieval, attention as well as anxiety.It increases blood pressure, heart rate, the release of glucose, blood flow to skeletal muscles, pupil dilation by contracting the iris.It can be released directly into the bloodstream by adrenal glands to combat low blood pressure in the state of medical emergencies.Now you know what the antidepressants are dealing with here, at least to an extent.The following are the 5 major classes of antidepressants prescribed by the psychiatrists:1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)So this is how it works:Neurotransmitters get attached for the matching receptors in the brain but after a while, they get reabsorbed and their function dissipates.Reuptake inhibitors block or prevent that absorption from happening so that they prolong the effect of serotonin in your central nervous system or your body. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by specifically preventing the reabsorption of serotonin which prolongs the effects of serotonin and by now you surely know what they are.SSRIs are a newer class of antidepressants that developed in 1970.Examples of such antidepressants include:Prozac (fluoxetine)Paxil (paroxetine)Zoloft (sertraline)Celexa (citalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Lexapro (escitalopram)Viibryd (vilazodone)They usually have fewer contraindications and side effects than other antidepressants.However, some of their side effects may include nausea, insomnia, anxiety, nervousness, diarrhea, weight gain or loss, sweating, dizziness, and tremors.Some of the worst contraindications include suicidal thoughts and sexual dysfunction (high levels of serotonin can inhibit libido).Symptoms of depression are sometimes known to worsen before the positive impact of SSRIs is noticed, but that should only go for the first month of treatment.SSRIs dont start working before the period of 2-4 weeks has passed and their side effects should decrease in that time as well.The FDA requires for all antidepressants to have a black-box warning abou t the suicidal ideation during initial stages of treatment, especially in adolescents and children.All of that doesnt really scream depression treatment right? Still, these are some of the best drugs that the market offers.SSRIs dont just treat depression, but OCD, anxiety disorders, premature ejaculations, eating disorders, etc.They are known to help during recovery from strokes as well.There is a possibility of SSRIs causing excessive stimulation of the 5-HT receptors. That is called serotonin syndrome or serotonin toxicity and it usually occurs when a person takes more than one serotonin-boosting drugs at the same time.Acute serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening in 2 to 12% of examined cases.Its symptoms include seizures, unconsciousness, high fever, and, in some cases, irregular heartbeats.Discontinuation of the medication is usually enough to reverse the symptoms.2. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)These antidepressants work do basically the same thi ng as SSRIs do, with the addition of inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine as well. That is why they are called dual-action antidepressants.The first SNRI was approved by the FDA in December 1993 and they are considered the second generation of antidepressants.People suffering from stupor or a catatonic depression may be prescribed these types of drugs as they enhance physical movement and the speed of thought.Patients with psychomotor ailments are treated with SNRIs as well.Some of the SNRIs include:Effexor (venlafaxine)Cymbalta (duloxetine)Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)Savella (milnacipran)Fetzima (levomilnacipran)Side effects of SNRIs include constipation, dry mouth, nausea, drowsiness, insomnia, etc.Some SNRIs like duloxetine are known to treat chronic pain which is a condition closely related to the development of clinical depression.They are also used to treat anxiety, social anxiety disorders (SADs), PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and nerve pain and fibr omyalgia.Contrary to popular belief, reuptake inhibitors do not cause addiction, but some withdrawal symptoms are still known to occur. SNRIs among themselves differ to an extent as they harbor different pharmacological properties. It is still unknown whether these differences will become clinically relevant or not.3. Trycyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)Trycyclic Antidepressants belong to an older class of antidepressants first discovered and approved in the 1950s. Their chemical structure of three interconnected atom rings is what gave them their name.They function somewhat similarly to previously mentioned reuptake inhibitors since they block the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine into presynaptic nerve cells.They also block or inhibit the reabsorption of another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh).Acetylcholine mainly regulates the movement of skeletal muscles. Motor neurons of the nervous system use ACh to activate muscles.That means that drugs that deal with choline rgic systems may have dangerous effects ranging from convulsions to paralysis.In the brain, ACh has many effects on plasticity, reward as well as arousal. ACh plays an important role in alertness enhancement when we wake up. It also helps sustain attention and learning or memorizing.Examples of TCAs include:Elavil (amitriptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Asendin (amoxapine)Anafranil (clomipramine)Pamelor (nortriptyline)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protriptyline)Surmontil (trimipramine)Sinequan (doxepin)Sometimes ludiomil or maprotiline is mentioned next to TCAs, although it belongs to the TeCas (tetracyclic antidepressants) seeing how it has a fourth atomic ring.Common symptoms of TCAs include blurry vision, dizziness, weight gain, drowsiness, dry mouth.In fewer occasions, they can cause low blood pressure, irregular heartbeats or even seizures.Besides depression treatment, tricyclic antidepressants can help alleviate chronic pain.They were once frequently used in treating ADHD (atte ntion deficit hyperactivity disorder) in kids, but they have been replaced with more effective drugs with fewer contraindications.4. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)One of the oldest and first classes of antidepressants were monoamine oxidase inhibitors. This class was first discovered in the 1950s.MAOIs inhibit the functioning of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase. This enzymes function is to break down monoamines. By blocking the whole process, MAOIs allow more neurotransmitters to engage in mood regulation.They are considered as effective as SSRIs and TCAs, but they are less frequently in use due to necessary dietary precautions as well as risks of adverse effects when mixed with other types of drugs.Some of MAOIs in the market include:Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Marplan (isocarboxazid)Emsam (selegiline)Its important to note that MAOI treatment necessarily involves specific dietary restrictions.Despite its obvious risks like nausea, anxiety, insomnia, drowsine ss, convulsions, etc. it is a useful drug in battling PTSD, personality disorders and bipolar depression.As with the TCAs, its use is prescribed usually when other antidepressant options fail. 5. Atypical AntidepressantsThere are many other antidepressants that dont really fit into any of the above-described categories.These are described as atypical antidepressants as their mechanism of action greatly differs even though they also affect serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine levels in our organisms.Examples of atypic antidepressants include:Wellbutrin (bupropion) which is classified as a  dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Its used to treat the seasonal affective disorder and other mood disorders resembling depression as well as depression itself. Its a great smoking cessation aid as well.Remeron (mirtazapine) is a  noradrenergic antagonist  used to treat major clinical depression by blocking stress hormone receptors of the brain.Oleptro (trazodone) and Brintellix (vortioxetine) are  ser otonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors  used to treat depression by inhibiting serotonin reuptake and blocking the adrenergic receptors.Symbax combines the Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine with the antipsychotic fluoxetine in order to treat bipolar depression disorders or depression. which is generally treatment-resistantSide effects of these antidepressants vary to a great degree, but the golden antidepressant classics such as dry mouth, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, blurry vision, convulsions, nausea, etc. are present.THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND CONTROVERSIESSome data suggest that 5 to 6 people out of every 10 will experience a certain improvement in mood regulation after 3 months of antidepressant use.People who experience improvement should continue medicating for at least 6 months after the initial improvement. Patients who stop before 8 months of medicating often suffer recursive symptoms.Theres data that suggests that long-term use of these drugs might worsen the symptoms in some patients.It should be noted that antidepressants during pregnancy are not advised.Theres an occurring thought that antidepressant drug trafficking is a market based on a myth. The myth in question is scientifically known as monoamine hypothesis.Its a theory about the causes of depression being purely physiological and relating to the neurotransmitter imbalance in the nervous system.Since its a hypothesis, its not yet scientifically proven and yet its the number 1 market supported therapy.Some scientists are questioning whether the neurotransmitters indeed have a role in triggering depression.Such examinations are, of course, not given attention by the global media or institutional practices as they undermine the business so to speak.Theres also a growing concern that use of antidepressants could result with a natural serotonin depletion with long-lasting adverse effects.The other problem of the whole pharmacotherapy is that its not possible to meas ure serotonin levels in the brain since serotonin doesnt cross the blood-brain barrier and since it is produced in the brain and the gut as well. Same goes for dopamine and norepinephrine.Researchers cant know for a fact that the levels of neurotransmitters or hormones reflect their presence in the brain.Moreover, theres a possibility that the hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalance in the organism is not a cause, but the effect of the psychological ailment of depression.There were animal studies that suggested that serotonin i.e. may not play a role in causing depression. The researches were done with mice with absolutely incapacitated serotonergic centers in their brains. They showed no signs of depression even when placed under severe stress.However, other studies have proven that mice that lacked serotonin were more susceptible to social stressors. Talk about science being exact and up to the point, huh?CONCLUSIONThe situation with depression, its causes, nature, and effects is complex, to say the least. Science is still baffled by it and many theories try to explain its origin and suggest the ways of battling it.Such diversity has opened the market for many agents that promise cures and successful treatments of the ailment.Life coaches offer training on the streets, different modalities of psychotherapy have their own charms and there are spiritualists offering ceremonies and illegal, but natural remedies that oddly work in a similar manner as antidepressants, with the exception of being a couple of million years older than artificial drugs.There is a great threat of laymen and crooks exploiting the affected, but then again theres a threat of the more institutionalized forms of treatment being equally illegitimate as well.One should study all the different manners of therapy before opting for one.The mere fact that there are two different callings and trainings, one psychiatric and the other psychological and psychotherapeutic, speak for themselves.In the ory, those two should work together in order to help those in need, but due to vanity, power relations and such, its rarely the case in real life.Before seeing the doctor or diagnosing yourself with depression, you should make sure that your sleeping patterns arent imbalanced simply because of your social life.Make sure that you exercise enough, have a healthy diet and sleep well then check your surroundings for toxicity and stupidity.As the popular meme goes: Before you diagnose yourself with depression, make sure youre not surrounded by complete as**oles.Theres a theory of depressive realism that suggests the possibility of depressed people actually having a better picture of the nature of our society.Antipsychiatric movements of the late 1960s lead by some of the 20th century best philosophers like Foucault have pleaded against mental health industry since it doesnt recognize the causes of mental disorders and rather induces them instead of treating them.Authors like Deleuze have suggested that society, economy, and social psychology are to blame for the mental disorders that are normal peoples reaction to the negative state of the world weve created for ourselves.Even Freud suggested that oppressive culture may result in neurotic disorders.Spiritualists and clergy claim that depression is a symptom of communication breakdown between man and divinity or sacred nature.On the other hand, theres a couple of thousand-year-old class of MDs specializing in therapy and devoting their lives to the science of medicine.All of these branches suggest their own major classes of antidepressants, so choose pick your poison.

Inside The FBLA Are You A Future Business Leader

Inside The FBLA: Are You A Future Business Leader? by: Alison Damast on February 14, 2017 | 0 Comments Comments 1,115 Views February 14, 2017Sophia Danziger signs in at the New York Stock ExchangeSophia Danziger begrudgingly walked into her first meeting of the Future Business Leaders of America chapter at Mamaroneck High School in New York, a quiet freshman sitting in the back of the room.Danziger’s mother, who works in business development management in New York City, insisted her daughter attend a meeting of the high school’s Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) chapter, after learning of the group’s mission to empower high school students around the country with tangible business and leadership skills.â€Å"I rolled my eyes, I sighed and I said ‘I don’t want to go to this,’† Danziger says. â€Å"But I gave it a chance and went to the first meeting. Walking into the room was the hardest part for me.†THE IMPORTANCE OF A BUSINESS HANDSHAKE HOW TO DRESSSofia DanzigerWhat initially was intended as a favor to her mother turned out to be the greatest favor Danziger could ever have done for herself, she says. Danziger, a senior, is now part of FBLA’s state and national officers teams, serving as New York FBLA president and the eastern region vice president. Seasoned in the language of business, she has spoken at national conferences in front of 3,000 high school students, sat through grueling impromptu QA sessions while campaigning for various FBLA leadership roles and fine tuned her cover letter, resume and business etiquette skills along the way.   Perhaps her crowning achievement? Working behind the scenes for months to help FBLA get to ring the closing bell at the New York Stock Exchange last year in honor of the nonprofit’s 75th anniversary.â€Å"The group teaches you things as little as the importance of a business handshake or how to dress appropriately for business events, so mething that kids my age don’t always understand,† says Danziger, who will be attending Cornell University next year as a policy analysis and management major. â€Å"I think the most valuable things I’ve gained is confidence in myself and my leadership and, mostly importantly, the skill of public speaking.†Danziger is one of thousands of high school students around the country who are members of Future Business Leaders of America-Phi Beta Lambda, Inc. The nonprofit organization’s high school division, Future Business Leaders of America, boasts roughly 210,000 members, and is the largest business education association of its kind, preparing students for careers in business and other fields, says Jean Buckley, FBLA’s CEO.WORLDLY, TRAVELED, EXPERIENCEDâ€Å"Our students are worldly, have traveled, and maybe even done an internship with different companies locally,† Buckley says. â€Å"They’re already interacting with people from t he business community and it’s those type of connections that give them an opportunity to see what the business world is like first-hand.†FBLA has its roots in the late 1930s when American educator Hamden L. Forkner at Columbia University’s Teachers College proposed the idea of a national organization for business clubs that were sprouting in high schools and colleges. The first couple of chapters were set up in 1942 in Johnson, Tenn., and St. Albans, West Virginia, and quickly took off from there. Today, there are more than 5,250 high school chapters.Students in the club gain a solid grounding in the soft skills of business, through community service, public speaking and leadership roles at their respective high schools. Chapters will often pair up with local businesses and chambers of commerce, connecting students with seasoned business leaders in their communities. Members are encouraged to participate in FBLA’s state, regional and national competitions in categories ranging from global business to entrepreneurship, which in turn gives them an edge in the competitive college admissions process, Buckley says. The group uses between 600 to 800 business judges to evaluate the students’ performance in the various categories, and as many as 13,000 students attend the group’s national conference each year, she adds.IT PROVIDES HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WITH A LITTLE BIT OF A LEG UPThe organization is an important stepping stone for those of its members who are interested in studying business at an undergraduate business program. For example, recruiters from local business schools will often come in to make presentations to the student clubs.â€Å"It does provide high school students with a little bit of a leg up,† believes Buckley. â€Å"The work that they do in FBLA is very visible to a college or a university. We have many college and universities, like Rutgers University for example, that look closely at students inv olved in FBLA because they create a portfolio which makes them very appealing to the schools.†At Wasatch High School in Utah, FBLA faculty advisor Kristen Di Stefano, a business and marketing teacher, says about 60% of the 75 students in her chapter want to go into a career in business. Being a member of the group and learning about business plays an important role in their ultimate career aspirations, she said.if(undefined==typeof window.datawrapper)window.datawrapper={};window.datawrapper[oWJ6A]={},window.datawrapper[oWJ6A].embedDeltas={100:882,200:638,300:577,400:560,500:560,600:516,700:516,800:516,900:516,1000:516},window.datawrapper[oWJ6A].iframe=document.getElementById(datawrapper-chart-oWJ6A),window.datawrapper[oWJ6A].iframe.style.height=window.datawrapper[oWJ6A].embedDeltas[Math.min(1e3,Math.max(100*Math.floor(window.datawrapper[oWJ6A].iframe.offsetWidth/100),100))]+px,window.addEventListener(message,function(a){if(undefined!=typeof a.data[datawrapper-height])for(var b in a.data[datawrapper-height])if(oWJ6A==b)window.datawrapper[oWJ6A].iframe.style.height=a.data[datawrapper-height][b]+px}); Page 1 of 212 »

The Safety And Injury Prevention - 775 Words

The authors in this article explore a father’s role in the safety and injury prevention of their child. According to Canada’s Public Health Agency, unintentional injuries to children of all ages were the cause of serious public health concerns in Canada; 29,142 children were injured and hospitalized in a one year time frame. Since parents play a significant role in their child’s safety and well-being, it is important to have research that explores both parent’s attitude on childhood injury prevention. Previous research focused exclusively on a mother’s role in child injury and prevention; therefore, learning a father’s perspective in prevention attitudes is significant. Mothers are known to be the comforting role model, where the father’s role is more exploratory play. The purpose of the study is to investigate a father’s role in injury prevention attitudes and practices. This study used a qualitative analysis design with a snowball sample; fathers referred other potential participants for the study. All father’s lived in an urban setting in British Columbia, Canada and were recruited through fathering program networks, sporting groups, online forums, community centers, schools and daycares. To qualify, the father’s children had to be between ages 2-7 years old and father must speak and read the English. The study used 32 fathers of 2-7 year old children. The fathers ages ranged from 23-52 years old (mean age of 39 years old). Ten fathers had one child, whereas, 22 fathersShow MoreRelatedThe Need for Sharps Safety in Hospital Settings927 Words   |  4 Pagesto new health hazards as new and sophisticated treatment approaches are developed. Injuries due to sharps are of significance in nursing practice. 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Creating a culture of safety is one of the key interventions that reduce harm for patients in a heath care setting (Quigley White, 2013). If a health care organization fails to protect patients from harm, there are both legal and financial implications. In the effort to prevent harm to patients and hospital acquired injuries, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid

Relational Stages Of Interpersonal Communication And...

In my final analysis paper, I plan to use the relational stage theory, and the recency effect to explain the different dynamics that occurred during an interpersonal relationship between a fellow classmate and myself. I will start off by providing a brief description about who the relationship was with, and how our interactions with each other have played out. I will then provide my interpretation of the concepts in order to help the reader further understand why I have chosen to use the two. Once I am done explaining the concepts, I plan to describe how exactly they have impacted the nature and trajectory of the relationship over its course in time. Lastly, I plan to conclude my analysis by explaining the importance of these two concepts in interpersonal communication and relational maintenance. The interpersonal relationship that I intend to analyze throughout this paper is between a fellow classmate named Betsy Pearson and myself. Although Betsy and I did not know each other that well before our current class together, we did share a mutual class with one another in the past. During the past class that we had together, Betsy represented herself in a very respectable manner. My first impression of her formed during a presentation that she gave to our class about a controversial political subject. The way she presented gave off a very motivated leader with good judgment type impression to me. We never did talk after that class, but we did happened to have another classShow MoreRelatedUncertainty Reduction Theory1967 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause of this feeling, people are motivated to reduce this uncertainty by means of communication. 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Theory Of Group Counseling Paper - 1438 Words

Theory of Group Counseling Paper Alex Dossett CHRD 766; Group Counseling South Dakota State University Describe how your experience of the leading, participating in, or observing groups have informed or influenced you regarding your own group leadership skills, leadership style, and perception about groups; Describe your perspectives about the functions of a therapeutic group in assisting client changes; Discuss the elements or factors contributing to the development of the group, and changes and growth of the clients; Describe your role as a group leader and therapist in the group Personal Reflection Through textbooks, articles, lectures, and experiential activities, I have recently had the opportunity to learn, first-hand,†¦show more content†¦I was questioning my abilities as a group leader, and even more so, as a counselor. Through our first session, I learned that leading a group takes preparation, practice, and confidence. The group process takes time and trust is not immediate. While you may want cohesion amongst members, some members will be hesitant and cautious. But instead of trying to fill the awkward silence, allow the space for processing and reflection. While I was disclosing trying to create universality among members and myself, there is a line that I have become more aware of. As a co-facilitator, I learned about the importance of trust. Without a relationship and understanding, there is an imbalance between co-facilitators. If the co-leader relationship doesn’t model trust and egalitarian principles, then this could stall the momentum of the group. As the first session progressed, I was pleased with how participants were interacting with us, as we had tried to create a casual, open environment. As initial rapport continued to develop, our group moved towards the transition stage. It was here group members’ true personalities began to emerge, while they were still testing the waters. 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Luther Man Between God And The Devil Essay - 1439 Words

Heiko Oberman’s book, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, explores Martin Luther’s life, theology and legacy. Oberman does not simply focus on Luther’s actions and behaviors as a Reformer, nor does he evaluate Luther from a purely Protestant or Catholic point of view. Instead, the book examines Luther’s continual battle with the Devil. In order to truly understand Luther, it is important â€Å"to grasp the man in his totality-with head and heart† (Oberman, 1989, xix). Luther is not merely a monk, professor, heretic or a reformer, but he was a man who s spiritual struggle with the Devil deeply affected his life, as well as the Church. Oberman argues the Devil’s attacks on Luther affected his health, as well as his theology. For example, while attending the Diet of Worms, Luther describes the Devil’s attack on his body and mind. Luther said he had to â€Å"†¦defend himself against the concentrated power of the Devil. He felt he was being subjected to a[n]†¦ attack. First, the Devil had assaulted his body, wanting to weaken him through illness. Even more dangerous was the assault on Luther’s soul: he was plagued by despondency and haunted by fear† (Oberman, 1989, p. 198). Furthermore, while in hiding at Wartburg Castle after being excommunicated, Luther wrote, â€Å"†¦how fatal the effect of sustained solitude was to one’s spiritual life. The Devil likes to have the Christian alone, for then he can heap him with worries and depression; I know Satan well, â€Å"know the tricks he likes to playShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Luther Man Between God And The Devil Essay2308 Words   |  10 PagesLuther Man between God and the Devil is wonderfully written book that was authored by Heiko A. Oberman. The author of the book focuses on Luther’s life history with the overall purpose of discovering the under explored aspects of his life lessons. 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Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants Free Essays

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FIXING PEA PLANTS (Pisum sativum) ON GROWTH OF CORN (Zea mays)? Introduction Interactions among plant species, particularly negative ones, have been a concern in agriculture (Levene 1926, Russell 1961). Novoa (1981) suggested that it would be advantageous to rotate certain crops by season, grow certain crops together, or avoid growing certain crops on the same land. Observations indicated that some crops require specific types of nutrients in contrast to other crop species, and plants within the Legume Family actually â€Å"fix† nutrients, for example nitrogen, within surrounding soils. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nitrogen is a key plant nutrient, and has been shown to be both increase plant growth and development (Russell 1961), but is often deficient in many western U. S. soils (Novoa 1981). Thus Legumes could provide high community trophic â€Å"service† (Aprison et al. 1954, Hiroshi 2010). The common pea plant (Pisum sativum), a member of the Legume family, and a robust dicot flowering plant (i. e. , an Angiosperm) native to the western U. S. , enjoys a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria (Hiroshi 2010). These bacteria grow inside nodules located on the roots of pea plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NO3-), which is a molecular form the pea plant, and neighboring plants, can use for numerous physiological functions (including production of DNA, proteins, and plant hormones (Russell 1961, Novoa 1981, Hiroshi 2010). It has become a common practice to rotate crops within fields, alternating Legumes with various other plant species to maintain high soil nitrogen levels. Our research was conducted in the BIO170 Lab (107 Lewis Hall, Montana State University [MSU]), and was focused on potential effects of pea plants on the growth and development of corn (Zea mays). Our objective was to vary growth environments, with some plants of different species type grown in close proximity, under the same conditions, and other treatments with single plant species, thus allowing us to address the primary research questions: Will the presence of pea plants, in close proximity to corn, positively affect corn shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth ate? We formulated the primary research question into the following formal hypotheses: H1: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the height of the corn plants; H2: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the root length of the corn plants; H3: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the shoot mass of the corn plants; and H4: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the seedling growth rates of corn plants. For each stated research hypothesis (i. e. H1 thru H4), the null (H0) hypothesis was: the presence of pea plants growing in close proximity to corn plants will have no effect on the corn plant response variables (i. e. , shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth rate). The explanatory, or treatment variable, in all cases, was presence or absence of a pea plant within the growth cells of our measurement units (see below). Methods The plant experiments were conducted in Lewis Hall, room 107, on the campus of Montana State University. The lab’s room temperature is typically 65 to 70 degrees F (celsius scale thermometer). We set up our experiment in the NW corner of the lab on the counter. We used three polyurethane growth trays (Carolina Biological Supply Company, Savannah, GA), where each tray contained 36 cells 15cm X 10 cm X 10 cm (depth). Each cell was filled with organic soil to the rim of the cell (soil type: Sunshine Mix; Plant Growth Center, MSU). Each growth tray was divided into two sections, with 18 cells containing two corn plants; and 18 cells each containing one Alaska variety pea plant and one corn plant; for a total of 108 corn plants alone and 54 corn plants grown with pea plants. All seeds were also obtained from Carolina Biological Supply Company. The trays were placed under full spectrum UV grow lights (also from Carolina Supply Co. , Model: XPV-230 Lum. ), and received 12 hours of light per day (using a light timer [Home Depot: Model ISZ210/120). We planted seeds at 0. 5 inch depth, and maintained moist (but not â€Å"wet† or muddy) soil for 3 days, or until the onset of germination. We used tap water, with approximately 50 ml per growth cell each morning and evening during germination. After germination, we reduced watering to 50 ml once per day, typically in the late afternoon (to acilitate overnight availability of water per cell and prevent drying). After 10 days, when seedlings were well established, we increased daily water to 100 ml per cell. After 2 weeks of seedling growth, we began measuring the response variables, including height of shoot (soil level to apical tip) using a standard metric ruler, and the Precision Balance (room 106) to me asure mass to the nearest 0. 01 grams. We compared height, and mass using mean values per treatment, including the standard deviation to assess variation. We used percent growth per week as an estimate of growth â€Å"rate†. Roots were washed, and then dried, prior to mass measurement. Results The average shoot height (Fig. 1) of corn grown in close proximity to pea plants, compared to the height of the corn grown alone, indicated that pea plants may have increased the height of neighboring corn. At the end of three weeks, the average height of corn grown with peas was 35. 4 cm, whereas corn plant grown alone reached an average height of approximately 33 cm, which represented a 6. 78% difference between treatments (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Average height of corn plants grown in Lewis Hall Lab 107 (MSU). The upper line was on the graph shows the height of corn grown with peas. The lower line represents the corn grown alone. Figure 2. Shows average root mass (dry weight) of corn in the two treatments, i. e. , with or without the presence of Pea Plants. The average mass of the corn grown with peas was 1. 2 grams while the average mass of the corn alone was 1. 07 grams. This represents a 10. 8% difference between treatments (Fig. 2). Figure 3. Average root length of corn plants between treatments. Our observation result also showed that average root length for corn grown with peas was 11. 5 cm and the length for corn grown alone to be 9. 69 cm, a 16. 8% difference between treatments. Figure 4 shows germination rates for the two treatments, with 37% increase per week for corn grown with peas, slightly higher than the corn grown alone (35. 2%). Table 1 shows the various percent differences between the two treatments, and in each contrast, the values for corn grown with peas was greater th an corn grown alone. Discussion Overall, in summarizing our key results, we observed corn grown with peas showed a trend of 6. 78% taller and 10. % heavier than corn grown alone. We also observed the roots of corn grown with peas were on average, 16. 8% longer than the roots of corn grown alone. Finally, we found that the corn grown with peas had a 4. 86% higher germination rate than corn alone. Figure 4. Average germination rate of corn plants estimated between treatments. Table 1. Percent difference between the treatment, showing increases in all variables in treatment with both plants together. Height6. 78% Mass10. 80% Root length16. 80% Germination rate4. 86% Our results, reviewed together (e. . , Table 1), strongly suggested that our ideas concerning facilitation were correct, and supported our research hypotheses that corn grown with peas would be taller, heavier, have longer roots, and have a higher germination rate than corn grown alone. Upon reflection, we believed that it made sense that the corn grown with peas tended to outperform the corn grown alone for the variables we tested, because clearly nitrogen is an essential component of chlorophyll (Tam 1935), amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid (Levine 1926). Since pea plants are nitrogen fixers, their presence increases the amount of usable nitrogen in the soil. Thus, the corn grown with the peas would have had more nitrogen available to it to aid in the production of chlorophyll, amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid, all of which probably aided the corn growth, mass, and also the higher germination rate (percent) that we observed. Furthermore, our results tend to agree with other research findings, for example a study presented at the 2010 World Congress of Soil Science found that corn rotated with soy, also a nitrogen fixer (Aprison 1954), tended to grow taller and have higher yields than corn rotated with corn (Yin 2010). Another study found that along with the correct row spacing and plant density, corn plants grew best when given moderate levels of nitrogen (Cox 2000). Further, a study done in Europe noted that nitrogen deficiency in plants tended to inhibit plant growth and rates of photosynthesis (Zhao 2005, Bradshaw et. al 2010, Cox et al. 2010). The positive effects nitrogen has on plants are well documented and have been studied for decades, but we think our replications of pea plant facilitated growth were well worth the efforts, and also allowed us to see first-hand, how experiments can be powerful tools for learning and for confirmation of research ideas. It is well known by both plant scientists and amateur backyard gardeners that plants need nitrogen to grow to their full potential, so perhaps our work offered little new information, but it was still quite fascinating to conduct the research, learn the steps of the scientific process, and apply them ourselves, rather than simply read about experimentation. Those wishing to grow corn, or other important, or popular house plants, might use our outcomes to enhance growth production of desired species. Literature Cited Aprison, M. H. , W. E. Magee, and R. H. Burris. 954. â€Å"Nitrogen Fixitation by Excised Soybean Root Nodules. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 208 (1954): 29-39. Bradshaw, A. D. , M. J. Chadwick, D. Jowett, and R. W. Snaydon. 1964. â€Å"Experimental Investigations into the Mineral Nutrition of Several Grass Species: IV. NitrogenLevel. † Journal of Ecology 52. 3 (1964): 665-76. Cox, William J. , and Debbie J. R. Cherney. â€Å"Row Spacing, Plant Density, and Nitrogen Effects on Corn Silage. † 2000. Argonomy Journal 93. 3: 597-602. Kunstman, James L. , and E. Paul Lichtenstein. â€Å"Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies in Corn Plants on the in Vivo and in Vitro Metabolism of [14C]diazinon. † Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27. 4 (1979): 770-74. Levine, P. A. â€Å"On the Nitrogenous Components of Yeast Nucleic Acid. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 67 (1926): 325-27. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Novoa, R. , and R. S. Loomis. â€Å"Nitrogen and Plant Production. † Plant and Soil 58 (1981): 177-204. Russell, Edward J. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 8th ed. [London]: Longmans, 1961. Open Library. Tam, R. K. , and O. C. Magistad. 1935. â€Å"Relationship Between Nitrogen Fertilization And Related post: Disadvantages of Plants Living on Land Chlorophyll Content In Pineapple Plants. † Plant Physiology 10. 1 (1935): 159-68. Yin, Xinhua, Angela McClure, and Don Tyler. 2010. â€Å"Relationships of Plant Height and Canopy NDVI with Nitrogen Nutrition and. † Lecture. World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane. 1-6 Aug. 2010. International Union of Soil Sciences. Zhao, D. , K. Reddy, V. Kakani, and V. Reddy. 2005. â€Å"Nitrogen Deficiency Effects on Plant Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis, and Hyperspectral Reflectance Properties of Sorghum. † European Journal of Agronomy 22. 4 (2005): 391-403. How to cite Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants, Essay examples